Newborn mortality refers to the death of infants within the first 28 days of life. The first month of life is therefore the most vulnerable period for child survival. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 20.4 lakh newborns died in 2020, of which nearly half (47%) of all under-5 deaths occurred in the newborn period (the first 28 days of life).
Several factors contribute to newborn mortality, including preterm birth, low birth weight, birth complications, infections, and inadequate access to quality healthcare. The WHO suggests preterm birth, childbirth-related complications, for instance, birth asphyxia or lack of breathing at birth, infections, and birth defects caused the most neonatal deaths in 2019. “From the end of the neonatal period and through the first 5 years of life, the main causes of death are pneumonia, diarrhea, birth defects, and malaria. Malnutrition is the underlying contributing factor, making children even more vulnerable to severe diseases,” the WHO added.
According to a study published in the American Society for Microbiology Infection and Immunity, neonates, also known as newborns, are highly susceptible to infection by a wide range of bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi. The heightened susceptibility and the severe course of infections in early life can be attributed, at least in part, to the lack of preexisting immunological memory and competent adaptive immunity, as the study highlighted.
Efforts to reduce newborn mortality focus on improving maternal and newborn health, ensuring skilled birth attendants, promoting breastfeeding, preventing and managing infections, and enhancing access to essential healthcare services. In addition, maintaining hygiene standards during pregnancy, delivery, and postnatal care is essential to protect the health and well-being of newborns and reduce the risk of mortality.
When visiting a newborn, especially during the early weeks and months, it’s essential to prioritize hygiene to protect the baby’s delicate immune system. Newborns have limited immunity, so taking precautions to minimize the risk of infection is crucial. Here are some hygiene rules to follow when visiting a newborn:
1. Hand hygiene:
- Handwashing: Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds before handling the baby, especially after using the restroom or touching your face.
- Hand Sanitizer: If soap and water are not available, use a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol.
- No Touching When Ill: Avoid touching the baby if you’re feeling unwell, have a cold, or any other contagious illness.
2. Respiratory Hygiene:
- Cough and Sneeze Etiquette: Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze. Dispose of used tissues immediately and wash your hands.
- Wear a Mask if Necessary: If you’re feeling under the weather, wear a mask to reduce the risk of spreading any potential infections.
3. Clothing and personal items:
- Clean Clothes: Ensure your clothing is clean and fresh before visiting the baby.
- Avoid Strong Scents: Avoid using strong perfumes or lotions that could potentially irritate the baby’s sensitive skin or respiratory system.
4. Visiting Rules:
- Scheduled Visits: Coordinate visits with the baby’s parents to ensure they are comfortable and the baby is ready for visitors.
- Short Visits: Keep visits brief, especially if the parents are adjusting to a new routine or recovering from childbirth.
- Limit Visitors: Avoid overcrowding the space with too many visitors at once to maintain a calm and safe environment.
5. Health Check Before the Visit:
- Vaccinations: Ensure that your vaccinations are up-to-date, particularly for illnesses like whooping cough (pertussis) and the flu.
- Health Screening: If requested by the parents, be open to providing proof of recent health screenings or vaccinations.
6. Respect the Parents’ Rules and Wishes:
- Follow Parents’ Instructions: Adhere to any specific rules or requests set by the parents regarding handling, feeding, or caring for the baby.
- No kisses or close contact if requested: Respect the parents’ wishes if they request no kisses or limited physical contact due to health concerns or personal preferences.
7. Monitor Your Health:
- Self-assessment: If you develop any symptoms of illness before or after the visit, inform the parents and consider postponing your visit to protect the baby.
8. Environmental Hygiene:
- Clean Hands Before Touching Baby’s Items: If handling the baby’s bottles, pacifiers, or other personal items, make sure your hands are clean.
- Avoid Smoking: If you are a smoker, avoid smoking before visiting, and wash your hands and change clothes to minimize exposure to smoke residue.
Respecting and following these hygiene rules demonstrates your consideration for the baby’s well-being and the parents’ wishes. It’s crucial to prioritize the health and safety of the newborn during these early stages of life.